الدبلوماسیۃ تعریفا وتاریخا(دراسۃ خاصۃ)

Abstract

 Diplomacy, one of the oldest instruments of international relations, has evolved from ancient practices of negotiation among city-states to a structured system of global interaction. Its origins can be traced back to early civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Greece, where envoys were sent to negotiate peace treaties and trade agreements. In the Middle Ages, the emergence of permanent embassies in Italian city-states like Venice and Florence marked a turning point, giving diplomacy a formal and continuous character. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 further shaped modern diplomatic principles by recognizing state sovereignty and equality among nations. Over time, the expansion of global empires, the world wars, and the creation of organizations like the United Nations transformed diplomacy into a complex network involving not only states but also international institutions, media, and civil society. Today, diplomacy continues to serve as a vital tool for maintaining peace, managing conflicts, and promoting global cooperation in an interconnected world.