الزمان والمكان في فكر محمد إقبال: بين الإنسان والقدر

Abstract

This paper explores the philosophical interpretation of time and space in the thought of Allama Muhammad Iqbal, with a specific focus on how these concepts relate to the Islamic notions of Qaza (divine decree) and Qadar (predestination). Drawing from classical Islamic philosophy, Qur'anic exegesis, and Iqbal’s own poetic and prose writings, the study investigates Iqbal's critique of Greek metaphysics, his dialogue with Islamic theologians, and his adoption of insights from modern physics and psychology. Iqbal challenges the deterministic view of time as a closed system and proposes a dynamic, creative temporality in which human freedom and divine will coexist. This reimagined structure not only revitalizes the traditional discourse on divine destiny but also positions Iqbal’s philosophy as a bridge between classical Islamic thought and contemporary intellectual challenges.